Structured trade knowledge covering terms, processes, regulations, and practice.
EXW leaves export and loading to the buyer; FOB adds seller export clearance and loading on board at the port.
CFR seller pays freight only; CIF seller pays freight plus minimum insurance to destination port.
FOB price equals product cost plus all seller-side charges up to loading on board at the named port.
Under FOB, loss or damage risk passes to the buyer when goods are on board the vessel at the named port of shipment.
Clear answers to the questions importers and exporters ask most about Incoterms® 2020.
A practical checklist covering mode, control, insurance, duties, documents, and contract wording.
Copy-ready clause language that cites version, place, and optional insurance upgrades.
Polite, precise Business English emails for term negotiation and confirmation.
Quick definitions for the 11 rules and supporting vocabulary used in contracts and emails.
Learn from export/import scenarios that show how term choice hits margin and risk.
L/C adds bank document control; T/T is faster/cheaper but trust-based.
Clear payment terms state method, timing, currency, bank charges, and consequences of default.